I'd say it's limitless and if it ever came to the point where 12 notes weren't enough, we'd just start adding more.
A similar thing happened around a thousand years ago. There were only seven named notes but it was gradually expanded to twelve over a period of a couple of hundred years.
Some music systems already use more than twelve notes, i.e., microtonal music.
Burt even with just twelve notes, the rhythmic combinations are virtually unlimited.
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